Exploring Artemis II: A New Era of Space Exploration
Editor’s Note, April 1, 5:00 pm ET: The interview in this piece was conducted when NASA first revealed the crew for Artemis II in 2023. With the launch now taking place, Vox is republishing the piece.
The crew taking part in the Artemis II launch includes two historic firsts: the first woman, Christina Koch, and the first person of color, Victor Glover, to go on a lunar mission. Hailed by NASA spokespeople as “pioneers” and “explorers,” they have been greeted with fanfare befitting “humanity’s crew.”
However, the Artemis II program also reflects deeper corporate ambitions. The partnership between NASA and private industry is transforming space exploration into a venture that aspires to turn the moon into a resource hub— a strategic base for cosmic gas stations that fuel future missions to Mars and beyond.
The Corporate Vision Behind Artemis II
Mary-Jane Rubenstein, a Wesleyan professor of religion and author of Astrotopia: The Dangerous Religion of the Corporate Space Race, has a critical perspective on these corporate goals. She posits that the vision of space exploration echoes historical themes of colonialism, drawing parallels to the 15th-century Christian colonization of the Americas.
Rubenstein notes that the proclamations of missions like Artemis rest on an unprecedented belief in manifest destiny, similar to how past European powers justified the conquest of new lands.
Beyond Corporate Gains: Ethical Dilemmas of Space Exploration
While the Artemis II program symbolizes progress in diversifying the crew of space missions, concerns arise about tokenism and whether the mission adequately addresses feminist and anti-racist perspectives. Rubenstein argues that showcasing diversity should not substitute for a comprehensive analysis of the mission’s implications.
Through a historical lens, she warns against repeating harmful patterns of colonialism and exploitation under the guise of exploration.
Rethinking Space: Rights of Celestial Bodies
Rubenstein and others raise pressing questions about the ethical treatment of celestial bodies. The idea that the moon or Mars might possess intrinsic rights echoes the “rights of nature” movement, which seeks to recognize the value of ecosystems independent of human interests. This philosophy posits that the moon could be viewed as having fundamental rights, aligning with emerging discussions around environmental ethics.
Notably, the Bawaka People of Australia express a belief that their ancestors inhabit the cosmos, highlighting differing perspectives on the value of outer space that challenge Western paradigms.
From Earth to the Cosmos: Learning from Our Mistakes
As humanity stands on the brink of extensive space exploration, the lessons learned from ecological and social injustices on Earth are paramount. Rubenstein emphasizes that, like our terrestrial endeavors, we need sustainable practices in space to prevent repeating our past mistakes.
In her view, the corporate-driven narrative of space exploration must transition towards a more equitable approach that does not prioritize profit over ethical considerations.
A Vision for Space That Benefits Everyone
Ultimately, Rubenstein advocates for a future of space exploration where inclusivity, respect for natural entities, and sustainable practices take precedence. If space exploration can be conducted responsibly, she supports the endeavors wholeheartedly, hoping to draw from the eco-friendly practices already established on Earth.
To explore more insights and perspectives on this topic, you can read the full article here.
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